Question No : 1
(A) One result of this willingness, however, is that I suffer, like most people, from a notorious Catch-22: Vaccines save us from diseases, then cause us to forget the diseases from which they save us.
(B) I am deeply grateful to vaccines for keeping me alive and well, and also for helping me return from field trips as healthy as when I set out.
(C) I’ve continued to update my immunizations ever since, including a few exotic ones for National Geographic assignments abroad, among them vaccines for anthrax, rabies, Japanese encephalitis, typhoid, and yellow fever.
(D) Having grown up in the shadow of polio (my uncle was on crutches for life), and having made first-hand acquaintance with measles (I was part of the pre-vaccine peak year of 1958, along with 763,093 other young Americans), I’ve happily rolled up my sleeve for any vaccine recommended by my doctor and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, with extra input for foreign travel from the CDC Yellow Book.
(E) Like most American children of my generation, I lined up with my classmates in the mid 1950s to get the first vaccine for polio, then causing 15,000 cases of paralysis and 1,900 deaths a year in the United States, mostly in children.
(F) Likewise, we lined up for the vaccine against smallpox, then still causing millions of deaths worldwide each year
(1) FECADB
(2) DECBAF
(3) EFCBDA
(4) EFCDBA
(5) BACDFE
Question No : 2
(A) Even doctors now tend to know the disease only from textbooks.
(B) Among other symptoms, diphtheria produces a gray membrane of dead cells in the throat that can block a child’s windpipe, causing death by suffocation.
(C) But before the development of an effective vaccine in the early 1940s, diphtheria was among the great terrors of childhood.
(D) Hence one of its nicknames: “the Strangling Angel.”
(E) It is once again killing children today in Venezuela, Yemen, and other areas where social and political upheaval have disrupted the delivery of vaccine.
(F) It killed more than 3,000 young Americans one year in the mid-1930s, when my parents were in high school.
(1) AFEDCB
(2) ADEBCF
(3) ACFEBD
(4) AEFDBC
(5) ABDCFE
Question No : 3
(A) Joseph and Rebeckah were by no means alone in their tragedy. Many other parents also lost all their children to diphtheria, in one case 12 or 13 in a single family.
(B) In Lancaster, Massachusetts, for instance, mottled slate tombstones lean together, like family, over the graves of six children of Joseph and Rebeckah Mores.
(C) All three were buried in one grave. Then Cathorign, two, died on June 23, and Rebeckah, six, on June 26.
(D) The dying—five children gone in just 11 days—paused long enough to leave the poor parents some thin thread of hope.
(E) But two months later, on August 22, Lucy, 14, also died. A few years after that, diphtheria or some other epidemic disease came back to collect the three remaining Mores children.
(F) Ephraim, age seven, died first on June 15, 1740, followed by Hannah, three, on June 17, and Jacob, eleven, a day later.
(1) FAEDCB
(2) CEBDAF
(3) CFEDBA
(4) EFADBC
(5) BFCDEA
Question No : 4
(A) At present, 27 countries have CITES sanctions against them— either bans on trade in all listed species or bans on trade in specific animals or plants. Japan, if sanctioned, would be the 28.
(B) The implicit threat, made at a meeting in Sochi, Russia, by the elected panel thathandles wildlife trade enforcement matters for the 183 members of the Convention on the International Treaty for Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), was drastic: Failure to comply, the panel said—couched in the formal language of treaty communications—could shut Japan out of the lucrative, legal wildlife trade.
(C) It was October of 2018, and if Japan didn’t stop slaughtering sei whales plying the waters of the North Pacific and come into compliance with the international treaty that regulates the global wildlife trade, it was going to get punished.
(D) Discussion about Japan’s sei whale compliance is on the CITES agenda.
(E) If that happened, the other 182 parties to the treaty would no longer recognize any of Japan’s export paperwork as valid, preventing it from participating in the market for the tens of thousands of species managed by CITES. This is the most drastic penalty in CITES’s arsenal.
(F) Every three years, CITES hosts a major meeting of all its members. The 2019 meeting begins tomorrow in Geneva, Switzerland, and will wrap up on August 28 after members consider such pressing matters as how to protect amphibians and reptiles that are popular in the exotic pet trade, the future for ivory sales, and trade in African elephants.
(1) FBADCE
(2) ABDECF
(3) CBEAFD
(4) EBFDAC
(5) DBCAFE
Question No : 5
(A) The machinations around Japan’s sei whale hunts reveal much about CITES.
(B) “I think the system that is in place works,” says Ivonne Higuero, the current secretary-general. “I think for many, many years [CITES] has been known as a convention with carrots and sticks. First, we try with carrots to make changes to help parties build capacity if necessary. The last recourse is this discussion about possible threats.”
(C) When the CITES treaty was first enacted, in 1975, its drafters didn’t include any provision for punishment for non-compliance.
(D) “The objective for sure is to resolve issues in a non-adversarial way and raise issues with a party first,” says John Scanlon, who served as CITES’s secretary general from 2010 to 2018.
(E) But, “then there are various steps you take in terms of trying to move a party towards compliance.” The most extreme measure is sanctions.
(F) After all, treaties are voluntary, and a country can walk away at any time—indeed, the United States announced in 2017 that it will withdraw from the Paris climate treaty.
(1) AFEDCB
(2) ADEBCF
(3) ACFEBD
(4) AEFDBC
(5) ABDCFE